Philosophy Of Medicine Essays - Anthropology Of Religion, Epilepsy

Philosophy Of Medicine Essays - Anthropology Of Religion, Epilepsy Philosophy Of Medicine The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down By Anne Fadiman Deepa Parikh April 27,0000 Professor Tauber PH273 The book, the Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman is an objective look into the world of two different cultures and their belief systems. The viewpoints of the Hmong and of the American doctors represent Hmong culture and the root of Western medicine. The book takes into account how two cultures, rather, two completely opposite worlds are collided and their impact on each other (Fadiman 1997). The book uncovers the underlying meaning of how different Western medicine can be from different cultures and its challenges and consequences. In addition, Fadiman questions the very basics of philosophy by taking into account the simple metaphysics and moral ethics that face Lias doctors and parents and what role society plays. The book questions the belief system of Western medicine as well as the Hmong beliefs and cultural practices. Fadiman encourages us to think of the root of Western culture and medicine as well as learning about the Hmongs beliefs. Which is more relevant ? When a patient is in a life or death situation, whose opinion and expertise on medicine holds higher ground? In the case of Lia Lee, this was the problem. Why was Hmong culture and practice irrelevant in the eyes of the many doctors and nurses that cared for Lia? Reading this book, it is obvious to see the philosophy of western medicine versus the Hmong culture. This book helps clearly define western culture and its biomedical system by contrasting it to the Hmongs. The book, more than anything, else analyzes the epistemological, metaphysical, and moral viewpoints of both western medicine and that of the Hmong culture and questions their validity and effectiveness. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge(Tauber). In this book, the theory of knowledge can be posed by one question. How did Lea get sick? This question leads to two different viewpoints Western medicine and culture and the Hmong. The root of Western medicine is biomedicine. What makes biomedicine unique and sets it apart from other cultures is the idea that there is only one answer and one truth behind that. Simply stated, it is a matter of facts and the question of what, not how(Tauber). This is the primary difference between Hmong culture and Western medicine. In the book, Lias doctors wanted to know the one problem that was causing Lia to have severe seizures. They neglected to ask how Lia got sick. The view of Lias parents was the complete opposite. They wanted to know how Lia got sick and if this meant Lia was blessed with a gift and would become a txiv neeb(Fadiman). To understand the epistemological perspective of the Hmong, we must first take into account their cultural identity and how they practiced it. The Hmong were adamant in their belief system and were wary of the doctors in Merced in there care of Lia. Under their care, they believed; Lia would have been healed. The Hmong cultures to cure an illness, in Lias case the quag dab peg, there were animal sacrifices made. Lias parents say that Lias soul had left her when her sister had unintentionally slammed the door. This rationalization that the door frightened Lia and was the cause of the series of medical problems she would face, is an example of the epistemological view of Lias parents. It was interesting to read in the book, as Faddiman recounts, the way the doctors treated Lias parents. Because of the cultural barrier, communication problems pertained to everything from signing a document to administration of medication for Lia. Because of the cultural barrier, there were problems of m oral ethics as well. Did the doctors ever take into account the parents wishes for their child? Lias parents believed that the only medication they were willing to give Lia would be the kind that would be fast and preferably in a pill. The Hmong culture is against shots and blood being taken in large quantities as well as anything that could affect the dab and cause evil spirits to enter her soul(Fadiman). Epistemologically speaking, the doctors had a completely different viewpoint of what happened to Lia than

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation

How to Find the Sagittarius Constellation The skies of July and August provide an excellent view of the constellation Sagittarius. Easy to spot and filled with fascinating deep-sky objects, Sagittarius is an ideal subject of study for stargazers and astronomers alike. The constellation Sagittarius is often referred to as a teapot because of its appearance: the main boxy shape is the body of the teapot, from which a handle and a spout extend outward. Some observers add that the Milky Way appears to be rising up out of the spout like steam. Finding the Sagittarius Constellation In the northern hemisphere, Sagittarius reaches its highest point in the southern part of the sky during July and August and into early September. Sagittarius is also visible high in the northern part of the sky for regions south of the equator. Sagittarus has such a distinctive shape that its not too hard to spot in the sky. Simply look for the teapot shape next to the curved body of Scorpius the Scorpion.  Not only are these constellations filled with fascinating celestial bodies to observe, they are also on either side of the core of our galaxy, where the black hole Sgr A* lives. A chart of the sky containing Scorpius and Sagittarius. Ross 154 is a faint star in Sagittarius. Carolyn Collins Petersen All About Scorpius Sagittarius is best-known as the figure of a cosmic archer, although the Greeks saw it as a starry representation of a mythical creature called a centaur. Alternatively, some mythology identifies Sagittarius as the son of Pan, the god who created archery. His name was Crotus, and he was put into the sky by the god Zeus so that everyone could see how archery worked. (However, most viewers dont see an archer when they look at Sagittarius- the teapot shape is far easier to identify.) The Stars of the Scorpius Constellation The entire constellation of Sagittarius shown with IAU boundaries and the brightest stars that make up the pattern.   IAU/Sky Telescope The brightest star in the constellation Sagittarius is called Kaus Australis (or Epsilon Sagittarii). The second-brightest is Sigma Sagittarii, with a common name of Nunki. Sigma (Nunki) was one of the stars that the Voyager 2 spacecraft used for navigation as it was traveling to the outer solar system to study the gas giant planets.   There are eight bright stars that make up the teapot shape of the main constellation. The rest of the constellation as outlined by the IAU boundaries has a couple of dozen more stars.   Sagittarius constellation is outlined by eight bright stars, and scattered among them are globular clusters (yellow circles), open clusters (yellow broken line circles), and nebulae (squares). Its best to search this area with a good pair of binoculars just to get an idea of the many fascinating objects in the Sagittarius region.   Carolyn Collins Petersen Selected Deep Sky Objects in Constellation Sagittarius Sagittarius is right on the plane of the Milky Way and its teapot spout points almost directly to the center of our galaxy. Because the galaxy is so well-populated in this part of the sky, observers can spot many star clusters, including a number of globular clusters and open star clusters. Globulars are spherical-shaped collections of stars, many much older than the galaxy itself. Open star clusters are not as tightly gravitationally bound as the globulars. Sagittarius also contains some lovely nebulae: clouds of gas and dust lit up by radiation from nearby stars. The most prominent objects to search out in this area of the sky are the Lagoon Nebula, the Trifid Nebula, and the globular clusters M22 and M55.   Nebulae in Sagittarius Because we look at the galaxy from inside, its very common to see clouds of gas and dust in the plane of the Milky Way. This is especially true in Sagittarius. The Lagoon and Trifid Nebulae are the easit to spot, although they can generally only be seen well with binoculars or a small telescope. Both of these nebulae contain regions where star formation is actively taking place. Astronomers see both newborn stars as well as protostellar objects in these regions, which helps them track the process of starbirth. The Trifid is also known as Messier 20 and has been studied by many ground-based observatories as well as Hubble Space Telescope. It will look somewhat dim but should be easy to spot in a small telescope. Its name comes from the fact that it looks like a little pool next to the brighter regions of the Milky Way. The Trifid looks like it has three lobes connected together. They lie just over four thousand light-years away from us.   The Trifid Nebula in full glorious color provided by the European Southern Observatory. Smaller telescopes will not show these colors, but a long-exposure photograph will.   European Southern Observatory Globular Clusters in Sagittarius Globular clusters are satellites of the Milky Way Galaxy. They often contain hundreds, thousands, or sometimes millions of stars, all tightly bound together by gravity. M22 (which is the 22nd objects in Charles Messiers list of Faint fuzzy objects that he compiled in the 18th century), was first discovered in 1665 and contains about 300,000 stars all packed together in a region of space about 50 light-years across.   This view of the globular cluster M22 in Sagittarius was taken using an amateur telescope.   Hunter Wilson, via Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Another interesting globular cluster is also in Sagittarius. Its called M55, and was discovered in 1752. It contains just under 300,000 stars all gathered into an area bout 48 light-years across. It lies nearly 18,000 light-years away from us. Search out Sagittarius for other clusters and nebulae, especially using a pair of binoculars or a small telescope.